Molimma Joseph
Abstract:
Electromagnetic (EM) waves are fundamental carriers of energy and information across diverse domains of science and technology. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts governing the generation, characteristics, and propagation of electromagnetic waves. Beginning with Maxwell’s equations as the theoretical foundation, the paper explores the nature of EM wave formation, polarization, reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, and attenuation phenomena. Various modes of propagation, such as ground wave, sky wave, and space wave, are discussed in relation to frequency, medium, and atmospheric conditions. The review also examines the role of dielectric and conductive materials in influencing wave transmission and absorption. Emphasis is placed on modern applications of EM wave theory in wireless communication, radar systems, remote sensing, and optical fiber technologies. By synthesizing classical principles with contemporary advancements, this article aims to bridge theoretical understanding with practical engineering relevance, offering valuable insights for researchers, educators, and professionals engaged in electromagnetic studies and related technological fields.\\r\\n
