• प्राथमिक स्तर पर भारतीय शिक्षा में वर्तमान परीक्षण एवं आंकलन प्रणाली का अध्ययन

मोर पाल सिंह प्रो. रूचि हरीश आर्या

Abstract: प्रत्येक शिक्षा प्रणाली में विद्यार्थियों द्वारा की जाने वाली प्रगति को मापने का आधार परीक्षण एवं सम्बन्धित प्रगति को दर्शाने का आधार आंकलन होता हैं। परीक्षण वह विधि है, जिसके द्वारा विद्यार्थियों की शैक्षिक प्रगति को मापा जाता है। आंकलन इन परीक्षणों में किन्हीं पूर्व निर्धारित मानकों के सापेक्ष विद्यार्थियों द्वारा दर्शायी गयी वर्तमान स्थिति को कहते हैं। इसी स्थिति के सापेक्षिक आंकलन द्वारा विद्यार्थियों की शैक्षिक प्रगति को प्रदर्शित करते हंै। प्रतिशत-अंकों के रूप में किये जाने वाले आंकलन मंे विद्यार्थियों की शैक्षिक प्रगति को एक मानक प्रतिशत स्थिति के सापेक्ष उनके द्वारा अर्जित वर्तमान प्रतिशत के रूप में दर्शाया जाता है, उदाहरण- मौखिक अथवा लिखित परीक्षा में 100 प्रतिशत अंकों में से विद्यार्थियों द्वारा अर्जित 50 प्रतिशत-अंक, परीक्षा में पूछी जाने वाली जानकारी ही उनके द्वारा अर्द्ध-ज्ञानार्जन की स्थिति को दर्शाता है। प्रतिशतांक द्वारा परीक्षा में प्राप्त प्रतिशत-अंकों के आधार पर इसमें सम्मिलित सभी व्यक्यिों में से किसी व्यक्ति-विशेष द्वारा अर्जित की जाने वाली सापेक्षित स्थिति को दर्शाया जाता है। न्यूनतम अधिगम स्तर किसी विद्यार्थी द्वारा कम से कम एक निर्धारित स्तर तक अर्जित की जाने वाजी अधिगम दक्षता की अनिवार्य सीमा को दर्शाता है। गे्रडिंग में विद्यार्थियों को उनके सर्वागींण प्रदर्शन के आधार पर ग्रेड प्रदान किये जाते हैं। अधिगम संकेतक विद्यार्थियों के अधिगम हेतु संकेतकों के रूप में स्थापित किये गये मार्गदर्शी बिन्दुओं को प्रदर्शित करते है, तथा अधिगम परिणाम जोकि दक्षताओं के सूक्ष्म भागों में से सन्दर्भ बिन्दुओं के रूप में परिभाषित किये गये नवीनतम मानक हैं जिनका उद्देश्य विद्यार्थियों की क्षमताओं के अनुसार ही उनका विकास करते हुए व्यावहारिक कौशलों को प्राप्त करना है। वर्तमान अध्ययन हेतु द्वितीयक प्रदत्त विश्लेषण विधि का प्रयोग किया गया है। जिसके लिए शोधार्थी ने विभिन्न शोध पत्रिकाओं, शोध-लेखों, सम्बन्धित शिक्षा नीति से सम्बन्धित दस्तावेजों एवं पाठ्यचर्या रूपरेखाओं का अध्ययन किया है। अध्ययन में पाया गया कि भारतीय शिक्षा प्रणाली में शैक्षिक गुणवत्ता निश्चित करने हेतु प्राथमिक स्तर पर विद्यार्थियों की शैक्षिक प्रगति के परीक्षण एवं आंकलन के लिए समय-समय पर अनेक मानकों का प्रयोग किया गया है। जैसे-1. परीक्षण हेतु लिखित सत्र-परीक्षा और अंाकलन हेतु इसके सापेक्ष प्रतिशत-अंक एवं कालान्तर में अनिवार्य न्यूनतम अधिगम स्तर (एम.एल.एल.) 2. लिखित परीक्षा के साथ परियोजना, समूहचर्चा, उपस्थिति एवं ईकाई परीक्षा और आंकलन हेतु इसके सापेक्ष बाहरी एवं आन्तरिक मूल्यांकन हेतु अलग-अलग प्रतिशत-अंकों का समावेशन 3. रचनात्मक एवं योगात्मक मूल्याकंन परीक्षण विधि एवं आंकलन हेतु इसके सापेक्ष ग्रेडिंग, और 4. वर्तमान में परीक्षण हेतु दो अर्द्धबार्षिक परीक्षाऐं एवं आंकलन हेतु निर्धारित अधिगम परिणाम। इनमें से प्रत्येक परीक्षण एवं आंकलन प्रणाली के कुछ विशेष लाभ एवं इनकी कुछ सीमाऐं पायी गयी जिनके चलते इनमें सतत् सुधार एवं परिष्करण करते हुए इन्हें शिक्षा व्यवस्था में लागू करने के प्रयास किये गये हैं। परिणामस्वरूप वर्तमान में इस प्रणाली का सबसे परिष्कृत रूप “अधिगम परिणामों“ के रूप में सामने है। जिसे शैक्षिक सत्र 2017-18 से सम्पूर्ण भारत में प्राथमिक स्तर की शिक्षा व्यवस्था में लागू किया गया है। इसमें परीक्षणों हेतु दो अर्द्धबार्षिक परीक्षाऐं एवं आंकलन के लिए व्यावहारिक दक्षताओं के भागों के रूप में निर्मित अधिगम परिणामों को शामिल किया गया है जोकि व्यावहारिक कौशलों पर आधारित हैं। ये अधिगम परिणाम सुस्पष्ट और परिभाषित अपेक्षाओं के रूप में हैं जिससे विद्यार्थी इस बात से परिचित हो सकेंगे कि किस कक्षा में उन्हें किन-किन कौशलों को अर्जित करना है, तथा इन कौशलों को अर्जित करने के लिए उन्हें क्या करना है। अधिगम परिणाम प्रक्रिया आधारित हैं जोकि केवल विद्यालयी शिक्षा तक सीमित न होकर विद्यार्थी के व्यावहारिक जीवन से भी जुड़े हुए हैं। अतः विद्यार्थी की अधिगम प्रक्रिया जो विद्यालय के उपरान्त भी सदैव गतिमान रहती है उसमें भी विद्यार्थी इन अधिगम परिणामों की प्राप्ति को स्वयं में महसूस कर सकेंगें। उदाहरणार्थ- कक्षा 1 हेतु एक अधिगम परिणाम बच्चे सुनी हुई कहानी, कविता आदि के बारे में बातचीत करते हैं अपनी राय देते हैं, प्रश्न पूछते हैं, निर्धारित किया गया है। (प्रारम्भिक स्तर पर सीखने के प्रतिफल प्रारूप 2017) जो इस स्तर के विद्यार्थियों हेतु एक व्याहारिक कौशल को प्रदर्शित करता है। इस अधिगम परिणाम से परिचित होने से कक्षा 1 के विद्यार्थी भी सुनी हुई कहानी, कविता आदि के बारे में आपस में बात करने तथा घर के सदस्यों से अपनी भाषा में बात करने को प्रोत्साहित होगें। इससे उनमें एक तरफ जहाॅ सुनी हुई कहानी, कविता आदि के बारे में बात करने की जिज्ञासा का जन्म होगा तो दूसरी तरफ वे आपस में ऐसे बिन्दुओं पर बात करने हेतु आपसी तालमेल रखने को भी अहमियत देने लगेंगे। उनमें अपना पक्ष अपने साथियों के सामने रखने की भावना का विकास होगा तो साथी पक्ष को धैर्य पूर्वक सुनने के कौशल को भी वे अप्रत्यक्ष ग्रहण कर रहे होंगे। उनमें सुनी हुई कहानी, कविता आदि से सम्बन्धित प्रश्न पूछने व उनके उत्तर जानने की प्रवृत्ति का भी अंकुरण होगा। निष्कर्ष यह है कि परीक्षण एवं आंकलन हेतु निर्मित वर्तमान मानक “अधिगम परिणाम“ वर्तमान की सभी अधिगम आवश्यकताओं को पूर्ण करते हैं एवं शैक्षिक-गुणवत्ता की सभी भविष्योन्मुखी सम्भावनाओं को भी समेटे हुए हैं।

• The Undeniable Relationship between Literature and Cinema: Chetan Bhagat’s Novels.

Priya Chakravorty

Abstract: In this article, we will investigate the multifaceted connection among writing and motion pictures, analyzing how one impacts the other and why variations of abstract works keep on being famous in the entertainment world. While discussing writing and motion pictures, one can’t disregard the profound association between two artistic expressions. The current paper point here to present the cooperative energy among movie and writing. Do movies based on popular books increase the popularity of the author and do popular book makes popular movies? Is there a beneficial interaction between the popularity of the film and popularity of the author? Chetan Bhagat accepts to do what your heart says. Understanding what you need and adhering to your choice is generally significant. What’s more, he personally did exactly. Bhagat feels that his best stories are those drawn from his own life and encounters. The more private the book, the more surprising and entertaining it becomes for him. Movies Producers adjust scripts from writing to recreate and new newness to the already existingworld.Moreoverthe crowd is attracted to the cinematic adaptation. The video medium gives as exceptionally extraordinary chance of a similar range of inventive expression. The paper examines the relationship between film and literature and also contends that both film and writing constitute an aesthetic, culture discussion, as the historical evolution of the relationship between film and literature. The few techniques and issues encompassing those relations, comprised discourse an issue of genre and practices,For example verse and motion pictures, film scripts as writing,or the connection between transformation and mainstream society. Writing has continually been a great thought for film from one side of the world to the other. Novels of popular Bengali, Gujrati, Urdu writers, and English scholars are made into motion pictures occasionally. Literature is the principal thought, which anybody could get on while making movies. Since when a film is in the underlying period of making,it needs the content, script, dialogues, and screenplay which may be delivered totally from a book, in the event that you need to widen it. The assembling and specialized factors are auxiliary in the strategy of filmmaking. Thus, there is no doubt that writing started people to ship straightforwardly to film. Regardless of this various discussion about the composition and film’s correspondence proceed. There is no understanding about the circumstances with film variety, its faithfulness approach or the effect of film to text gathering. It is attainable to discuss the kinds of relationship existing today among film and composing. The really possible estimation of relationship between these sorts of articulations is ‘’ creative work circumstances screen structure.’’ Nevertheless, there is solid areas for a towards the impact of film on beginning new points of reference recorded as a hard copy.Among the new youthfulwritersthe most gifted and noteworthy is Chetan Bhagat. With his books, Five Point Someone: What Not to Do at IIT (2004), One Night@ the Call Center(2005),The Three Mistakes of My Life (2008), 2 States: The Story of My Marriage(2009), Revolution 2020 (2011), Half Girlfriend (2014), and One Indian Girl (2016) .The impact of Bhagat’s works has been so loaded with influence, that even Hindi movies are adjusting his book. So,Inthis article,let’s analyze the relationship between film and literature.

• Myth and Magic Realism in "The Calcutta Chromosome" by Amitav Ghosh

Minoo Kantha

Abstract: Myths explain natural or social occurrences using deities, heroes, and supernatural components. Society relies on myths to teach morals, explain origins, and define identity. They often address fundamental human issues regarding existence, creation, and the universe. Myths are important in many cultures' religious rites. They foster social norms and values, shaping behaviour and beliefs. Myths can also represent a community's history and experiences, evolving to address current challenges. They often revolve around creation, conflict, transformation, and the divine-human relationship. Cosmogonic myths describe the world's origins; etiological myths explain practices or phenomena; and hero myths depict people's journeys and struggles. Modern people regard myths as fiction, although they help explain cultural psychology and worldview. They still affect literature, art, and popular culture, proving their significance. Myths connect the past and present, revealing human values and beliefs. Magic realism combines the surreal with life, presenting remarkable happenings as commonplace. Latin American literature inspired this style, which is now popular worldwide. Magic realism treats magical elements as commonplace, typically intertwined into social, political, and cultural narratives. This dreamy world combines everyday activities with magical or strange experiences without explanation. Vivid descriptions make magic seem real to readers. Magic realism explores culture, identity, and history, revealing human complexity. Readers are encouraged to doubt truth and reality by blurring reality and fiction. Gabriel García Márquez, Isabel Allende, and Salman Rushdie are notable authors connected with magic realism; "One Hundred Years of Solitude" is an example. Mikhail Bulgakov's "The Master and Margarita" and Neil Gaiman's "The Ocean at the End of the Lane" are both magic realism. Magic realism encourages readers to embrace life's wonders and mysteries in a new and inventive way. This study examines myth and magic realism in Amitav Ghosh's novel The Calcutta Chromosome. The Calcutta Chromosome" weaves myth and magic realism into its story about identity, history, and the dynamic relationship between science and the supernatural. The narrative is set in colonial India and uses a non-linear framework to switch between historical and modern timelines and numerous views to challenge established narrative formats.

• A Study of Occupational Self-Efficacy of Trainee teachers.

Kamaljeet Kaur and Prof. VR Dhoundiyal

Abstract: A teacher is focus element of education system of any educational institution. The quality of whole education system revolves around the capability of teachers which is directly associated with the quality and effectiveness of training received by them in their training institutions. In short, it can be said that the teacher is paramount in a education system and the skills and efficiencies received by him in teacher training are his key weapon to inculcate highest level of quality education in students. The training of teaching profession includes cultivation and nurture of a wide range of skills, attitudes and teaching strategies required for becoming an effective teacher. In this manner, the trainee teachers are in the stage of rigorous teacher training which will make them ready for the upcoming challenges of teaching profession. There are different teacher training courses available for the training of teachers at different levels of education i.e. D.El.Ed., B.El.Ed., B.Ed., B.Ed. Special Education, M.Ed. etc. Self-efficacy is one of the significant quality for them. Bandura(1997) defined Self-efficacy as a person’s belief in his or her capability to successfully perform a particular task. The occupational self-efficacy can be termed as a person’s self-efficacy in his or her occupation. According to Lent, R.W.; Hackett, G. & Brown, S.D.(2002), “Occupational self efficacy refers to an individual’s confidence in their ability to successfully perform occupational tasks, cope with occupational stress and challenges, and achieve career goals.” In present research,the occupational self efficacy of the trainee teachers of B.Ed. course from the teacher training institutes of Kumaun University, Nainital is studied. The descriptive survey method is used for the study. The sample consists of 200 B.Ed. trainee teachers which is selected randomly from the government and government teacher training institutions.The data is collected by using the Occupational Self Efficacy Scale by Chaudhari,Pethe and Dhar(1999). The collected data is checked for the normality of the occupational self-efficacy scores and scores were obtained to be in normal range. This normal data is analyzed with the help of parametric t-test. The results shows that the occupational self-efficacy of trainee teachers is found to be of average level which implies that they require more opportunities and quality training to nourish their occupational self-efficacy accordingly. Male trainee teachers are significantly better on occupational self-efficacy than the Female trainee teachers which indicates their better command in the class and high confidence in their teaching. Similarly the Government trainee teachers are significantly better than the Government Aided trainee teachers in terms of their occupational self efficacy. This result implies the superiority of teacher training provided by government teacher training institutions over government aided institutions. The teacher training must include more rich and authentic practical teaching experiences and prepare the future teachers to be more confident and efficient in their teaching occupation.

• Analysing Constitutional and Legal protections For Women Workers: Challenges in Implementing the Vishaka Guidelines with Insights from the Kolkata Doctor Murder case.

SABARI.S

Abstract: The constitutional and legal protections available to women workers in India, with a specific focus on the challenges in implementing the Vishaka Guidelines. These guidelines, established in the landmark Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan case (1997), laid the foundation for workplace harassment laws in India and were later codified through the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (POSH Act). Despite the legal framework’s existence, numerous challenges persist in its effective implementation, including lack of awareness, institutional negligence, weak enforcement, and cultural barriers. Using the 2023 Kolkata Doctor Murder case as a critical case study, this paper explores the systemic gaps that leave women vulnerable to harassment and violence in professional settings. The case illustrates how institutional failures, such as ignoring harassment complaints, power imbalances, and the absence of preventive measures, can escalate into serious threats to women's safety. By contextualizing this case within the broader legal framework, the article identifies key implementation failures, particularly the non-functionality of Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs), the lack of employer accountability, and the underreporting of harassment.

• Racism: Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Ratan Kumar

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to highlight racism in Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry. Racism is a complex and disputed concept not only in America but found all over the world. Although Twain was an American comic writer who often satirized his subject. In this novel, he also has made a deeper study about racism. He is interested in studying further the problem of racism, especially in the 19th century, where acts that led to discrimination were very intensively carried out in the United States of America. In this novel, Twain has thrown light on the nature and character of the actor and has described the reflections of racism which are related to the social conditions namely discrimination,violence and prejudice .The reflection in the novel is the existence of racism that occurred in society as a result of the world war. The social condition that related the novel to the discrimination, violence, fraud and racism experienced by Huck and Jim.